Grand Valley State University

Soviet Union, a country study, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress ; edited by Raymond E. Zickel

eng

Includes bibliographical references (pages 895-977) and index

Soviet Union

22911443

Federal Research Division, Library of Congress ; edited by Raymond E. Zickel

Area handbook series,, 1057-5294DA pam, 550-95

a country study

Emergence of the East Slavs. The peoples of the East European Plain ; The East Slavs and the Varangians ; The golden age of Kiev ; The rise of regional centers ; The Mongol invasion -- Muscovy. The rise of Muscovy ; The evolution of Russian aristocracy ; Ivan IV ; The time of troubles ; The Romanovs ; Expansion and Westernization -- Early imperial Russia. Peter the Great and the formation of the Russian empire ; Era of palace revolutions ; Imperial expansion and maturation: Catherine II -- Ruling the empire. War and peace, 1796-1825 ; Period of reaction: Nicholas I, 1825-55 -- The transformation of imperial Russia. Economic developments ; Reforms and their limits, 1855-92 ; Foreign affairs after the Crimean War, 1856-93 ; The Age of Realism in literature ; The rise of revolutionary Populism and Russian Marxism, 1855-90 ; Serge Witte and accelerated industrialization, 1891-1903 ; The development of radical political parties, 1892-1904 ; Imperialism in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War, 1894-1905 -- The last years of tsardom. The revolution of 1905 and counterrevolution, 1905-07 ; The tenuous regimes of Stolypin and Kokovstev, 1907-14 ; The return to an active Balkan policy, 1906-13 ; Russia at war, 1914-16 ; The strains of the war effort and the weakening of tsarism -- Revolutions and civil war. The February Revolution ; The period of dual power ; The Bolshevik Revolution ; Civil war and war communism -- The era of the new economic policy ; Lenin's leadership ; Stalin's rise to power ; Foreign policy, 1921-28 ; Society and culture in the 1920s -- Transformation and terror. Industrialization and collectivization ; The period of the purges ; Mobilization of society ; Foreign policy, 1928-39 -- War years. Prelude to war ; The Great Patriotic War -- Reconstruction and cold war. Reconstruction years ; The Cold War ; Death of Stalin -- The Khrushchev era. Collective leadership and the rise of Khrushchev ; Foreign policy under Khrushchev ; Khrushchev's reforms and fall -- The Brezhnev era. Collective leadership and the rise of Brezhnev ; Foreign policy of a superpower ; The economy ; Culture and the arts ; Death of Brezhnev -- Physical environment. Global position and boundaries ; Administrative-political-territorial divisions ; Topography and drainage ; Climate ; Natural resources ; Environmental concerns -- Population. Vital statistics ; Age and sex structure ; Mortality and fertility ; Urbanization ; Migration ; Distribution and density ; Marriage, divorce, and the family ; Population problems and policies[cont.] Nationalities of the Soviet Union. Slavic nationalities; Baltic nationalities ; Nationalities of the Caucasus ; Central Asian nationalities ; Other major nationalities -- Religious groups in the Soviet Union. Orthodox ; Armenian Apostolic ; Catholic ; Protestant ; Muslim -- Policy toward nationalities and religions in practice -- Manifestations of national assertiveness. Baltic nationalities ; Armenians ; Ukrainians ; Central Asian nationalities ; Russians ; Other nationalities -- Formation of Soviet society -- Stratification of Soviet society. Socio-occupational groupings ; Other determinants of social position ; Benefits of social position ; Urban-rural cleavage -- Social mobility -- Social organizations. Trade unions ; Youth organizations ; Sports organizations -- Gender and family roles. Role of women ; Male-female relationships ; The Soviet family -- Education. Philosophy and aims ; Control and administration ; Pedagogy and planning ; Institutions of learning ; Quality, reform, and funding -- Health care. Provision of medical care ; Declining health care in the 1970s and 1980s -- Welfare. Pension system ; Worker's compensation ; Other assistance -- Lenin's conception of the party. Theoretical underpinnings ; Democratic centralism -- Party legitimacy -- Central party institutions. Party Congress ; Party Conference ; Central Committee ; Central Auditing Commission ; Party Control Committee ; Politburo ; Secretariat ; Commissions ; General Secretary: power and authority -- Intermediate-level party organizations. Republic party organization ; Oblast-level organization ; District- and city-level organization -- Primary party organization -- Nomenklatura. The party's appointment authority ; Patron-client relations -- Party membership. Selection procedures ; Training -- Social composition of the party -- Constitutional authority of government. Early Soviet constitutions ; The 1977 Constitution -- Central government. Administrative organs ; Congress of People's Deputies ; Supreme Soviet ; Control organs -- Territorial administration. Republic level ; Provincial and district levels -- Elections -- Politicization of the mass media and the arts. Leninist principles ; Socialist realism -- Administration of the mass media and the arts. The party role ; The government role -- The mass media. Newspapers ; Magazines and journals ; Radio ; Television and video cassette recorders ; Computers -- The arts. Literature ; Cinema ; Theater ; Music ; Painting, sculpture, and the graphic arts[cont.] Ideology and objectives -- Foreign policy making and execution. The foreign policy makers ; Departments of the Central Committee ; Higher state and government organizations ; The Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet ; The Council of Ministers and its Presidium ; The Ministry of Foreign Affairs -- Instruments of influence. Diplomatic relations ; Party and state visits abroad ; Friendship and cooperation treaties ; Communist parties abroad -- Soviet-United States relations -- Soviet-West European relations. France ; West Germany ; Britain ; Spain and Portugal ; Scandinavia -- Soviet-East European relations -- Sino-Soviet relations -- Soviet-Japanese relations -- The Soviet Union and the Third World. Middle East and North Africa ; Asia ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Central America and South America -- The Soviet Union and nuclear arms control -- The Soviet Union and the United Nations -- Economic structure. Nature of the national economy ; Labor ; Retail and wholesale distribution system ; Financial system -- Economic planning and control. Planning process ; Reforming of the planning system ; Tools of control -- Economic policy. Past priorities ; The twelfth Five-Year Plan, 1986-90 -- Development of Soviet industry -- Industrial resources. Raw materials ; Geographic location factors ; The territorial production complexes and geographic expansion ; The labor force and perestroika -- Industrial organization. The complexes and the ministries ; The industrial planning system ; Structural reform of industry ; The military-industrial complex ; Industrial research and design -- Machine building and metal working. The structure and status of the machine-building and metal-working complex ; The planning and investment process of the machine-building and metal-working complex ; The location of the machine-building industry ; The automotive industry ; The electronics industry -- Metallurgy. Role of metallurgy ; Metallurgy planning and problems ; Metallurgical combine locations and major producers ; Nonferrous metals -- Chemicals. Plastics ; Petrochemicals ; Other branches of the chemical industry ; Chemical planning goals -- Fuels. Fuel resource base ; Oil ; Natural gas ; Coal ; Uranium -- Power engineering. Energy planning goals ; The balance among energy sources ; Obstacles to power supply ; Heat and cogeneration -- The consumer industry. Consumer supply in the 1980s ; The logic and goals of consumer production ; Textiles and wood pulp -- Policy and administration. Stalin's legacy ; Evolution of an integrated food policy -- Land use -- Production. Grain ; Technical crops ; Forage crops ; Potatoes and vegetables ; Other crops ; Animal husbandry ; Forestry ; Fishing ; The twelfth Five-Year Plan, 1986-90[cont.] Railroads. Historical background, 1913-39 ; World War II ; The postwar period, 1946-60 ; Organization and equipment of the railroads ; Passenger operations ; The Baykal-Amur Main Line ; Other new construction ; Metropolitan railways -- Automotive transport. Development of automotive transport ; Freight transportation by trucks ; Passenger transportation -- Inland waterways. Development of inland waterways ; The waterway system ; River ports and facilities ; Passenger transportation -- Merchant marine. Initial developments ; Fleet operations -- Civil aviation. Postwar evolution of Aeroflot ; Aeroflot operations -- Pipelines -- Communications -- Development of the state monopoly on foreign trade -- Structure of the foreign trade bureaucracy. Administration ; Operation ; Structural reforms, 1986 to mid-1988 -- Trade with socialist countries. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ; Yugoslavia ; China ; Cambodia, Laos, and North Korea -- Trade with Western industrialized countries. The United States ; Western Europe ; Japan ; Finland -- Trade with third world countries. Balance of trade ; Composition of trade ; Africa, Asia, and Latin America ; Countries of socialist orientation ; Trade with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries -- Gorbachev's economic reforms -- Early development -- The administration of science and technology. Policy making ; Planning ; Financing -- Science and technology -- Research, development, and production organizations -- Soviet innovation: problems and solutions ; Technology and information transfer ; Military research and development -- Training -- Marxist-Leninist theory of war. War as a continuation of politics ; Laws of war -- The party and military doctrine and policy. Evolution of military doctrine ; Military doctrine in the late 1980s ; Doctrine and weapons programs ; Military policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union -- Military science. Laws of armed conflict ; Principles of military art ; Military art -- Strategic missions of the armed forces. Threat assessments and force requirements ; Offensive and defensive strategic missions -- Global strategic concerns. Force projection on the periphery ; Military presence in the Third World -- Arms control and military objectives. Strategic arms control ; Objectives in space ; Intermediate-range nuclear forces arms control ; Conventional arms control[cont.] Organizational development and combat experience -- Strategic leadership of the armed forces. Defense council ; Main military council ; Ministry of defense ; General staff -- The armed services. Strategic rocket forces ; Ground forces ; Air forces ; Air defense forces ; Naval forces ; Airborne troops and special purpose troops ; Rear services ; Civil defense ; Specialized and paramilitary forces -- Territorial organization of the armed forces. Military districts ; Fleets, flotillas, and squadrons ; Groups of forces stationed abroad -- The party and the armed forces. Political-military relations ; Military representation in the party ; Part control in the armed forces -- Military economics. Defense spending ; Military industries and production ; Military technology -- Uniforms and rank insignia -- Military manpower. Premilitary training ; Conscripts ; Officers ; Reserves and wartime mobilization -- Predecessors of the committee for state security and the ministry of internal affairs. The tsarist period ; Soviet predecessor organizations, 1917-54 -- The security apparatus and Kremlin politics. Khrushchev period ; After Khrushchev ; Gorbachev era -- Organization of the committee for state security. Structure ; Functions and internal organization ; Party control ; Personnel -- Domestic security and the committee for state security. Legal prerogatives ; Policy ; Special departments in the armed forces -- The foreign intelligence role of the committee for state security. Organization ; Intelligence and counterintelligence ; Active measures ; Influence on foreign policy -- The ministry of internal affairs. Functions and organization ; Leadership ; Control by the party -- The ministry of internal affairs, the judicial organs, and nonpolitical crime. Socialist legality ; The procuracy ; Military justice ; The judiciary and the legal profession ; Legal codes and abuses of the system ; Nonpolitical crime and punishment -- Internal security troops. Border Troops of the Committee for State Security ; Security Troops of the Committee for State Security ; Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs